Choosing the best electric knife sharpener for kitchen knives involves balancing performance, ease of use, and price. The Chef’s Choice 1520 stands out for its professional-quality sharpening, while the Presto 08810 offers a budget-friendly, reliable system for home cooks. These sharpeners vary in their ease of operation, precision, and versatility, often forcing buyers to choose between advanced features and simplicity. If you want a quick, effective sharpening solution or a more detailed, multi-stage system, your priorities will influence your choice. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of these options and how they compare.
Key Takeaways
- Multi-stage sharpeners with diamond abrasives tend to deliver the most precise edges but are often more expensive and complex to operate.
- Ease of use and safety features are critical for beginners, making simpler 2-stage models more appealing for casual home use.
- Professional-grade sharpeners with adjustable guides provide the best edge for high-performance cutting, but may be overkill for everyday kitchen tasks.
- Price varies widely; budget options like the Presto 08810 still deliver decent results, whereas premium models offer faster and more consistent sharpening.
- Maintenance and dust collection features can extend the lifespan of the sharpener and improve safety, especially with frequent use.
More Details on Our Top Picks
Electric Knife Sharpener for Kitchen, 3-Stage with Diamond Abrasives, 20° Precision Guide, Safe & Fast for Chef Knives & Home Use
This model stands out for its straightforward 3-stage diamond abrasive system paired with a preset 20° angle guide, making it ideal for home cooks who want reliable, consistent results without fuss. Compared with the Dawnstar S808, it offers a more user-friendly experience for beginners, though it lacks the multi-function port for scissors. Its low-noise motor and non-slip base contribute to safety and stability, while its limited suitability for serrated blades is a notable tradeoff. The magnetic shavings collector keeps cleanup simple, but it’s primarily designed for non-serrated, household knives. Best for casual home users seeking ease and safety.Pros:- Easy to operate with a 3-stage diamond system
- Built-in 20° angle guide ensures consistent sharpening
- Low-noise motor and mess-free debris collection
Cons:- Limited to non-serrated knives, restricting versatility
- Designed mainly for Western-style blades, not suitable for serrated or Asian knives
Best for: Families or home cooks who need a safe, simple, and effective sharpener for everyday Western-style knives
Not ideal for: Professional chefs or users with serrated or highly damaged knives, as it is limited to standard straight-edge blades
- Power:110V US Standard
- Stages:3
- Abrasives:100% Diamond
- Angle Guide:20° preset
- Motor:Low-noise, stable
- Base:Non-slip
- Debris Collection:Magnetic shavings collector
Bottom line: This pick makes the most sense for casual home users prioritizing safety, simplicity, and reliable results on common kitchen knives.
Chef’s Choice 1520 Professional Electric Knife Sharpener, 3-Stage, White
The Chef’s Choice 1520 stands out for its ability to handle both straight-edge and serrated knives, including Japanese and sports cutlery, thanks to its diamond abrasives and precise angle guides. It compares favorably with the Dawnstar S808 in sharpening speed and scope, but its compact size may feel less robust for heavy-duty professional use. The 1-minute initial sharpening process might be slow for frequent sharpening needs, though it ensures accuracy. Its white finish makes it less conspicuous, but the limited color options could be a downside. This sharpener is ideal for households with diverse knife collections needing quick, accurate touch-ups.Pros:- Efficient 3-stage process with diamond abrasives
- Capable of sharpening both straight and serrated knives
- Precision guides for consistent edges
Cons:- May be too small for frequent professional use
- Initial sharpening takes about 1 minute, which could be slow for some users
Best for: Home cooks with a variety of knives, including serrated and Japanese blades, who want fast, precise sharpening
Not ideal for: Heavy-duty professional kitchens or users with very damaged blades expecting rapid, high-volume sharpening
- Stages:3
- Color:White
- Sharpening Angles:15° and 20°
- Abrasives:Diamond
- Suitable for:Straight-edge and serrated knives
- Power Source:Electric
Bottom line: This model is better suited to households with diverse knives needing precise, versatile sharpening without heavy-duty demands.
Narcissus Knife Sharpener with Scissors Sharpener & Dust Collection, Electric, Silver
The Narcissus S867 offers a unique combination of knife and scissors sharpening, along with dust collection, making it versatile for varied home tasks. Its ability to sharpen stainless steel, ceramic, and serrated knives surpasses many competitors like the Dawnstar S808, but requires reading instructions carefully to achieve optimal results. Its 2-5 pull limit per slot and the metal dust produced are tradeoffs that users should consider, especially for frequent sharpening. The stable motor and vibration reduction are definite advantages for safety and ease of use. This is the ideal choice for users seeking a multipurpose sharpener with added tools for home use.Pros:- Fast, efficient sharpening for multiple knife types
- Includes scissors sharpening and polishing functions
- Stable operation with vibration reduction and anti-slip feet
Cons:- Requires careful reading of instructions for best results
- Produces metal dust requiring cleanup
Best for: Home users who need an all-in-one solution for sharpening knives and scissors with minimal fuss
Not ideal for: Professional environments or users expecting high-volume, rapid sharpening cycles
- Power:30W
- Voltage:100-240V
- Material:Diamond abrasives
- Color:Silver
- Functions:Knife sharpening, scissors sharpening, polishing
- Warranty:12 months free replacement/refund, 24 months after-sales
Bottom line: This pick is perfect for homeowners who want a versatile, all-in-one electric sharpener that handles more than just knives.
Electric Knife Sharpener with 20° Precision and Diamond Abrasives
The Dawnstar S808 excels with its fast 40-second sharpening cycle, making it a good choice for busy households or those who value quick results. Its fixed 20° angle pads ensure consistent, razor-sharp edges, which makes it superior in precision compared to the Narcissus or Chef’s Choice models. However, its limited functions mean it’s strictly a knife sharpener, unlike the Narcissus that offers scissors and polishing. Its somewhat bulky design could be a drawback for small kitchens, and it’s not suitable for very damaged blades. This makes it a solid choice for users prioritizing speed and precision over versatility. Ideal for those who want fast, professional-quality edges on their everyday kitchen knives.Pros:- Fast sharpening within 40 seconds
- Precise 20° sharpening for sharp, consistent edges
- Multi-function port for scissors and other tools
Cons:- Limited to sharpening only, no polishing or multi-tool functions
- Design may be bulky for small kitchens
Best for: Home cooks needing quick, consistent sharpening for standard kitchen knives with minimal fuss
Not ideal for: Users who want multi-tool capabilities or need to sharpen serrated or highly damaged blades frequently
- Sharpening System:3 stages (repair, hone, polish)
- Sharpening Angle:20 degrees
- Sharpening Time:40 seconds
- Suitable for:Kitchen knives, scissors, axes
- Power Supply:100-240V global voltage
- Included Components:Electric knife sharpener
Bottom line: This pick makes the most sense for users who value speed and accuracy in sharpening standard kitchen blades.
Professional Electric Knife Sharpener with Diamond Abrasives and Precision Guides – Champagne Gold
The Champagne Gold model offers a professional-grade 3-stage system with diamond abrasives and precision guides, making it suitable for sharpening both metal and ceramic knives with high accuracy. Its energy-efficient German motor and safety guide track provide a refined, controlled sharpening experience. Compared to the Dawnstar S808, it offers enhanced durability and suitability for ceramic blades, but its higher noise level and the need to carefully pull back the knife can be less user-friendly for beginners. Its luxurious design adds aesthetic appeal, though it might be overkill for casual users. This is best for serious enthusiasts or professionals seeking a premium, versatile sharpener.Pros:- Effective 3-stage system for a polished, sharp edge
- Diamond abrasives for quick, durable sharpening
- Suitable for both metal and ceramic knives
Cons:- Requires careful pulling during sharpening to avoid mishandling
- Relatively noisy at higher decibel levels
Best for: Professional chefs or serious home cooks who want a durable, high-precision sharpener capable of handling all types of blades, including ceramic
Not ideal for: Casual users or those on a tight budget, as it is more expensive and requires careful operation
- Stages:3
- Abrasives:100% diamond
- Edge Angle:15 degrees
- Motor:German imported, energy-efficient
- Color:Champagne Gold
- Noise Level:60dB-80dB
Bottom line: This option makes the most sense for users seeking a high-end, durable, and versatile sharpener capable of handling all their premium knives.
Work Sharp Electric Kitchen Knife Sharpener
This model stands out for its automated guided system that guarantees consistent results, making it ideal for busy kitchens where uniform sharpness matters. Unlike the simpler Electric Knife Sharpener for Home Use, which offers basic two-stage sharpening, the Work Sharp E2 handles a wider range of tools including serrated knives, scissors, and shears, adding to its versatility. The built-in ceramic hone wheel ensures daily maintenance, though the need for electricity and limited portability can be drawbacks for some users. Its three-year warranty offers added confidence, yet the price may be higher than entry-level options. This pick makes the most sense for those seeking a reliable, all-in-one sharpening solution.
Pros:- Automated guided sharpening ensures consistent, professional results
- Suitable for all kitchen knives, serrated edges, scissors, and shears
- Built-in ceramic hone wheel for daily maintenance
Cons:- Price may be prohibitive for casual users
- Requires power source and space in kitchen drawer
Best for: Home cooks and professionals who want a versatile, guided sharpening system for multiple blade types
Not ideal for: Small kitchens with limited space or users preferring manual or cordless tools
- Brand:WORK SHARP
- Model:E2 Kitchen Sharpener
- Included Components:Kitchen knife sharpener, power supply, 1 pair double-sided abrasives, user guide
- Warranty:3 years
- Material:Premium abrasives, ceramic hone wheel
- Designed in:Oregon, USA
Bottom line: Ideal for users who prioritize versatility and consistent results across various blades and tools.
Electric Knife Sharpener for Home Use, 2-Stage Coarse & Fine Sharpening, Metal Dust Collection, Silver Gray
This sharpener excels at delivering quick, professional-quality results with its two-stage process, making it perfect for everyday kitchen use. Compared with the Work Sharp E2, which offers automation and tool versatility, this model focuses on straightforward, fast sharpening for straight-blade knives, with the added benefit of a metal dust collection box that simplifies cleanup. Its limited compatibility to only straight blades may be a drawback for those with serrated or specialized knives, and some users might need practice to perfect their technique. Nonetheless, its affordability and efficiency make it appealing for most home cooks. This option is best for budget-conscious users who need a reliable, no-fuss sharpener.
Pros:- Fast and efficient sharpening process
- Simple two-stage operation for quick results
- Metal dust collection for easy cleanup
Cons:- Limited to straight-blade knives only
- Requires some practice for optimal results
Best for: Home cooks seeking a fast, affordable solution for sharpening straight kitchen knives
Not ideal for: Owners of serrated or specialty knives who need broader versatility
- Stages:2 (coarse and fine)
- Voltage:100-240V
- Color:Silver Gray
- Dust Collection:Yes
- Sharpening Time:30 seconds
Bottom line: Perfect for budget-minded users who want quick, reliable sharpening for everyday kitchen knives.
Electric Knife Sharpener for Kitchen – 3-Stage Diamond System with 20° Precision Angle
This sharpener makes a compelling case for home cooks wanting reliable, professional-level results thanks to its 3-stage diamond system and preset 20° guide. Compared to the Work Sharp E2, which offers more tool flexibility, this model focuses solely on kitchen knives but provides precision and safety. The magnetic shavings collector keeps cleanup simple, although it’s incompatible with serrated blades, limiting its scope for users with a variety of tools. It suits those who prefer straightforward operation without sacrificing results, especially seniors or gift buyers. This makes the most sense for users who want high-quality, consistent sharpening for household knives.
Pros:- Restores dull knives quickly and safely
- Consistent, professional results with preset angle guide
- Mess-free with magnetic shavings collector
Cons:- Incompatible with serrated knives
- Limited to non-professional, household use
Best for: Home cooks needing a straightforward, reliable sharpener for non-serrated kitchen knives
Not ideal for: People with serrated or mixed blade collections requiring more versatile tools
- System:3-Stage 100% Diamond System
- Angle:20° preset guide
- Voltage:110V
- Suitable for:Most non-serrated kitchen knives
- Cleaning:Magnetic shavings collector
Bottom line: Ideal for users who want a simple, precise way to restore non-serrated kitchen knives efficiently.
Electric Kitchen Knife Sharpener – 3-Stage, 15° Precision Angle Guide, Stainless Steel Grinding Head, Portable, Fast
This sharpener is designed for quick, precise sharpening with its 3-stage diamond grinding system and 15° angle guide, making it well-suited for home cooks who value speed and accuracy. Unlike the Work Sharp MK2, which caters to knives and tools, this model is tailored specifically for kitchen knives, providing a non-slip base for safety and stability. Its portability and quick action make it ideal for busy households, though it’s limited to kitchen knives and requires manual cleaning of grinding heads. This device delivers sharp results rapidly, appealing to those who want professional-quality edges without complexity. This pick suits cooks who want fast, accurate sharpening for everyday kitchen use.
Pros:- Fast and precise sharpening with 3-stage system
- Built-in 15° angle guide for consistency
- Non-slip base for safety during use
Cons:- Limited to kitchen knives only
- Requires manual cleaning of grinding heads
Best for: Home chefs who need a fast, reliable, and portable sharpener for kitchen knives
Not ideal for: Users with outdoor or multi-tool sharpening needs requiring flexible belt systems
- Number of sharpening stages:3
- Sharpening system:Diamond grinding
- Sharpening angles:15°
- Material:Stainless steel
- Features:Portable, quick, safe, non-slip base
Bottom line: Great for busy households seeking quick, reliable edges on everyday kitchen knives.
Work Sharp MK2 Professional Electric Knife and Tool Sharpener
The Work Sharp MK2 stands out for its advanced features aimed at more serious users who want to sharpen a variety of blades and tools with precision. Its flexible belts and two-speed motor allow tailored sharpening, setting it apart from simpler kitchen-focused models like the Electric Knife Sharpener for Kitchen. While it offers exceptional versatility, its complexity and higher price point make it less suitable for casual home cooks. Replacement belts and maintenance may be a hurdle for some users, but for those who need a multi-purpose, professional-grade tool, this is a strong choice. This system is best for hobbyists or professionals sharpening outdoor, carving, or culinary tools.
Pros:- Versatile for knives and outdoor tools
- Two-speed motor for tailored sharpening
- Flexible, conforming belts for various blades
Cons:- More complex for casual users
- Requires belt replacements and maintenance
Best for: Advanced home users, hobbyists, or professionals seeking a versatile, high-precision sharpener for various blades and tools
Not ideal for: Casual users or those solely interested in kitchen knives with simple needs
- Type:Electric Knife and Tool Sharpener
- Belts:Flexible, conforming belts
- Motor:Two-speed
- Warranty:3 years
- Designed in:Oregon, USA
Bottom line: Perfect for those who need a versatile, high-performance sharpening system for a wide array of blades and tools.
Presto 08810 Professional Electric Knife Sharpener
The Presto 08810 stands out for its versatile 3-stage system that handles kitchen, sport, and Santoku knives with ease, making it a top choice for those who want professional results without visiting a shop. Its adjustable guides and extra-fine ceramic wheel ensure a razor-sharp edge, comparable to more dedicated sharpening systems like the Chef’sChoice 15XV. However, it’s limited to sharpening only, and some users may need practice to perfect their technique. Compared to 2-stage models, this offers more control, but at the cost of added complexity.
Pros:- Handles multiple knife types including Santoku and sport knives
- Adjustable guides improve control and precision
- Produces extremely sharp edges with ceramic wheel technology
Cons:- Limited to sharpening functions, no polishing or stropping
- Requires some skill to achieve perfect results
Best for: Home cooks seeking a versatile, all-in-one sharpener capable of handling multiple knife types with professional results
Not ideal for: Beginners who prefer simple, straightforward devices or those solely sharpening serrated knives
- Stages:3
- Suitable for:Kitchen, sport, Santoku knives
- Blade thickness selector:Yes
- Grit:Extra-fine ceramic wheel
Bottom line: This pick is ideal for those who value versatility and professional-grade edges in a single device, willing to master its use.
Knife Sharpener, Professional Electric 2-Stage for Home Use, Global Voltage, Blue
This 2-stage electric sharpener offers a quick and effective way to restore edges in home kitchens, with a focus on speed—sharpening knives in about 30 seconds. Its space-saving design and global voltage compatibility make it perfect for frequent travelers or households with multiple appliances. Compared to the more feature-rich Presto 08810, it sacrifices some control for simplicity. Manual pulling is required for best results, which might be less satisfying for those seeking effortless operation.
Pros:- Sharpens knives in approximately 30 seconds
- Two-stage system for sharpening and polishing
- Compact, space-efficient design
- Global voltage compatibility
Cons:- Requires consistent manual effort for best results
- Limited to non-serrated kitchen and sport knives
Best for: Busy home cooks who need fast, reliable sharpening without complicated controls, and international travelers needing compatibility
Not ideal for: Users looking to sharpen serrated blades or seeking detailed control over sharpening angles
- Voltage:100V-240V
- Stages:2
- Color:Blue
- Power:Electric
Bottom line: This sharpener suits those who prioritize quick, straightforward edges over detailed customization or serrated blade sharpening.
Chef’sChoice 15XV EdgeSelect Professional Electric Knife Sharpener with Diamond Abrasives and Precision Guides
The Chef’sChoice 15XV excels at transforming standard knives into ultra-sharp 15-degree edges, thanks to its use of 100% diamond abrasives and precision guides. Its 3-stage process is well-suited for serious home chefs or professionals who want a perfect edge, especially as it can convert factory 20-degree edges into Trizor XV 15-degree edges. Compared to the simpler Presto 08800, it offers more advanced technology but comes at a higher price and requires more space. Its longer process time might be a downside for quick touch-ups.
Pros:- Converts standard knives to ultra-sharp 15-degree edges
- Uses high-quality diamond abrasives for fast, effective sharpening
- Includes precision guides for consistent results
- Suitable for straight and serrated knives
Cons:- Higher cost compared to basic sharpeners
- Requires more countertop space
- 3-stage process may be longer for quick touch-ups
Best for: Experienced home cooks or professionals seeking factory-grade, precise, and durable edges with the ability to convert edges to a sharper angle
Not ideal for: Casual users or those with limited space who prefer quick, 2-stage devices
- Type:Electric Knife Sharpener
- Stages:3-Stage
- Sharpening Angles:15-degree for Trizor XV edges
- Abrasives:100% diamond abrasives
- Suitable for:Straight edge and serrated knives
- Dimensions:10 L x 4.25 W x 4.25 H inches
- Warranty:3-year limited
Bottom line: This sharpener is perfect for those who want professional-level, precision edges and are willing to invest in advanced technology.
Presto 08800 EverSharp Electric Knife Sharpener, 2-Stage System, Silver/Black
The Presto 08800 EverSharp provides a straightforward, 2-stage sharpening process that reliably produces razor-sharp edges on most non-serrated knives. Its use of durable sapphire wheels and precision guides makes it a dependable choice for everyday kitchen needs. Compared to the more advanced Chef’sChoice 15XV, it’s less suited for converting edges but excels in quick, consistent performance. Its limited compatibility with only non-serrated blades might be a drawback for some users seeking versatility.
Pros:- Simple two-stage process for quick results
- Produces professional-quality, razor-sharp edges
- Precision blade guides for consistent sharpening
- Made in the USA with durable materials
Cons:- Limited to non-serrated blades
- No polishing or advanced edge customization
Best for: Home cooks who want a simple, effective sharpener for everyday kitchen knives without fuss or extra features
Not ideal for: Users with serrated or specialty knives that require more advanced sharpening or edge shaping
- Material:Plastic
- Made in:USA
- Voltage:120 volts
- Stages:2-stage
- Color:Silver/Black
Bottom line: This device suits households needing a reliable, no-fuss solution for maintaining their everyday kitchen knives efficiently.
How We Picked
I evaluated these electric knife sharpeners based on key factors that influence everyday usability and long-term value. Performance was the primary criterion—how well each model restored dull edges and maintained blade integrity. Ease of operation and safety features were also critical, especially for users unfamiliar with professional sharpening techniques. Build quality and durability played a role in selecting models that can withstand regular use, while features like dust collection and adjustable guides added to their practicality. The ranking prioritizes tools that balance high sharpening quality with user-friendly design, ensuring both novices and experienced cooks find value in their purchase.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Electric Knife Sharpener For Kitchen Knives
Choosing the best electric knife sharpener involves understanding some core factors that influence performance, safety, and value. Not all sharpeners are created equal, and a model that excels in one area might fall short in another. To make an informed decision, consider your skill level, the types of knives you own, and how often you’ll use the sharpener. Clarifying these needs will help you pick a model that offers the best balance of features and affordability.Number of Stages and Abrasives
Many electric sharpeners feature multiple stages, often with diamond abrasives, to offer a more refined edge. More stages generally mean a sharper, longer-lasting edge, but they also introduce complexity and cost. For most home cooks, a 2- or 3-stage system provides a good balance, allowing for coarse sharpening and fine honing without overwhelming complexity. Beginners should prioritize models with clear, guided setups to avoid damaging their blades.
Ease of Use and Safety Features
Safety features such as non-slip bases, safety guards, and simple guides make a significant difference, especially for users new to sharpening. An intuitive interface with minimal adjustments reduces the risk of damaging blades or injuring oneself. If you plan to share the device with others or have limited sharpening experience, look for models designed with user safety in mind, even if it costs a bit more.
Blade Compatibility and Adjustability
Not all sharpeners work equally well with every type of kitchen knife, especially those with specific angles like Japanese or serrated blades. Adjustable guides or angle settings—such as 15° or 20°—allow for customization based on your knives. This flexibility extends the sharpener’s usability, making it suitable for a broader range of tools and reducing the risk of improper sharpening.
Build Quality and Maintenance
Durability is often overlooked but crucial for a long-lasting purchase. Look for models with sturdy construction, quality motor components, and easy-to-clean features. Some sharpeners include dust collection systems or removable grinding wheels, which simplify maintenance and keep your kitchen cleaner. Investing in a well-built product can prevent frequent replacements and costly repairs.
Price and Value for Money
Price ranges from budget-friendly options under $50 to professional-grade systems costing over $200. Cheaper models often perform adequately but may lack durability or advanced features. Conversely, high-end models tend to offer faster, more precise results and longer lifespan. Consider how often you’ll use the sharpener and what features matter most to avoid paying for unnecessary extras or compromising on quality.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I sharpen serrated kitchen knives with an electric sharpener?
Most standard electric sharpeners are designed for straight-edged blades and may not be suitable for serrated knives. Attempting to sharpen serrated edges can damage the teeth or alter their cutting ability. If you own serrated knives, look for a sharpener specifically designed for that purpose or use a manual sharpening tool tailored for serrations. For regular straight-edged knives, an electric sharpener offers quick, consistent results.
How often should I sharpen my kitchen knives with an electric sharpener?
The frequency depends on how often you use your knives and the type of cutting tasks. Typically, sharpening every 6-12 months suffices for most home cooks, but frequent use or heavy-duty tasks may require more regular touch-ups. Many sharpeners include guides or indicators to help you determine when it’s time for a refresh. Over-sharpening can wear out blades prematurely, so balance sharpening with proper knife care and honing in between.
Are electric knife sharpeners safe for high-quality, expensive knives?
Yes, but with caution. High-quality knives can be sharpened effectively with well-designed electric systems, especially those with adjustable guides and multiple stages. However, excessive or improper use can damage delicate blades. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions, select the correct angle, and avoid over-sharpening. For very expensive or specialty blades, some users prefer manual or professional sharpening services to preserve their investment.
What features should I prioritize if I am a beginner?
Beginners should look for models with simple, straightforward operation and safety features like non-slip bases and clear guides. Two-stage systems that include a coarse and fine sharpening process are usually sufficient, offering a balance between ease of use and effective results. Avoid overly complex models with multiple adjustable settings unless you’re willing to learn more about sharpening techniques. Ease of cleaning and maintenance is also beneficial for those new to this task.
Is it worth investing in a high-end electric sharpener?
High-end electric sharpeners often provide faster, more precise, and longer-lasting results, making them a good investment if you frequently use high-quality knives or need professional-grade edges. They tend to have better build quality, more adjustable settings, and advanced safety features. However, for occasional home use, a mid-range or budget model may suffice, offering a good balance of performance and affordability. Consider your usage level and how much you’re willing to spend to determine if the premium option makes sense for you.
Conclusion
For most home cooks, the Chef’s Choice 1520 offers a reliable, user-friendly option that balances performance and ease of use. Those on a budget will find the Presto 08810 provides solid results without breaking the bank. If you own high-end or specialty knives, investing in a premium model with adjustable guides and multiple stages may be worthwhile. Beginners should prioritize safety and simplicity, while experienced users may prefer professional-grade systems with finer control. Ultimately, your choice depends on your budget, knife collection, and sharpening needs.
